The subjects were unable recognize an image as one they had already seen if it was not presented again to the same visual field. If subjects were presented with two symbols simultaneously on either side of the visual field , when asked to draw the symbol with for example their left hand shielded from their own view they could but when asked to name it would say the name of the right hand symbol. In everyday activities we get a chance to verbalise aloud so we can inform ourselves of what we have seen. By so doing we will have over ridden the limitations of the two visual fields.
Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency of individuals not to help another individual when several potential helpers are present. This concept came up as a result of laboratory experiments, but in real life it may have lacked relevance as was demonstrated in the study. The concept of Diffusion of responsibility may not have been ecologically valid. The subjects were asked to give money to award money to other subjects. The general findings were that the subjects chose reward conditions which maximized the difference between the amount of money rewarded to members of their ingroup and members of the outgroup.
(experiment 2) The boys gave more money to members of their ingroup than to members of the outgroup (experiment 1). Four factors which may have affected the performance of the army recruits are 1) Recent immigrants who had a poor grasp of English had to do a verbal test. Persons (African Americans) with limited education had to do a verbal test, 3) Persons unfamiliar with pencils had to use them even in the beta (picture test) and 4) Failures on the Alpha test were not reassigned to a more appropriate test (the beta).
Hraba and Grant found that black children of all ages preferred black dolls. The studies were conducted at different time periods. Black pride had increased during the time of the Hraba and Grant study as black kids were privy to the civil rights movement. The pseudo patients were persons who were not mentally ill who were admitted to a mental institution. Their number consisted of a graduate student, three psychologists, a paediatrician, a painter and a housewife. One strength of the case study method is that rich amounts of and detailed information can be collected.
A vast amount of information was collected on how multiple personality occurs and its features could be distinguished. One limitation of this method is that information that is specific to one person or class of persons maybe obtained. The information collected about Eve could have been relevant to her and no one else. The qualitative approach refers to one which employs face to face interviews, observation, and utilizing personal information. One weakness of this approach is that through observation the researcher may place his own interpretation on the situation.
Freud interpreted Little Han’s problem within the context of his sexual theory. Freud used face to face interviews which relied upon the recollection of either Han’s or his father. This recollection could have been unreliable as both Han’s and his father could have forgotten valuable information. Freud utilized personal information such as letters, he communicated with little Han’s father via correspondence. Personal information such as a letter can only capture a limited amount of information , which is generally what the person writing it thinks is important.
Two differences between the scans of the NGRI’s and the control group are 1) The NGRI’s had less activity in prefrontal areas and less activity in the corpus colassum. The physiological data in the study should be treated with caution because it was obtained from relatively new techniques of which we do not as yet know the full extent of their reliability or validity or usefulness. The scanning techniques have a hard time distinguishing between what causes the coloured regions of the brain that shows up in the scans.
The main findings of the Samuel and Bryant study were 1) Age affects the outcome of conservation, 2) Conditions affected the results of the study, and 3) Children made fewer errors on the number tasks than on the other two tasks. Children of different age groups performed differently in the completion of the tasks. The older the children were the least likely it was that they would make errors in the completion of the tasks. This remained through despite the nature of the task the children were being asked to complete. It didn’t matter if it was the mass task, the volume task or the number task.
Additionally it was true of conditions the children were assigned to as well. This remained so regardless of whether it was the standard, the one judgement or the fixed array condition. The conditions the children were placed under impacted upon the outcome of the study. The children in the one judgement condition made less errors than children in either of the other two conditions. The fixed array condition saw the children consistently making the most errors. The standard condition falling in the middle. The children made fewer errors on the number task than any other task being performed.
The sample consisted of 252 children from Devon England. Their ages ranged between five years to eight years old. The sample was then divided into four age groups of children, 5 year olds, six year olds, seven year olds and eight year olds. Each group consisted of 63 children the average age of which was 5. 3, 6. 3,7. 3, and 8. 3 years old They were then allocated to one of three conditions, the standard fixed array and the one judgement based on their ages. The study contained a restricted sample in that the children all came from a Homogenous background. They were all from Devon England.
The advantage of using this homogenous group of children is that other intervening factors such as demography could have been controlled for. The results will have been as a result of the conditions and variables of the study and not been as a result of where they came from. The disadvantage of using this homogenous group is that the results could have been as a consequence of their homogeneity. For example this study may merely have told about the characteristics of the conservation among children of Devon England. The study could have been conducted using different children from different counties.
This may impact upon the results of the study. These other children because of different experiences and different school situations may have been able to conserve differently than Devon children. This difference in conservation ability may have shown different results. It may have shown that asking the conservation question once did indeed impact upon the results or it may have shown that it had no impact. From the inclusion of others a more accurate generalization would have been made that could be applied to how children conserve.
The basic finding of the study was that the NGRI’s had less activity in the corpus callosum than the control group. The amygdala and the hippocampus of the NGRI’s had less activity in the left side and more in the right side. The NGRI’s had less activity in their prefrontal and parietal areas and more activities in their occipital areas, and no difference in their temporal areas. The amygdala differences support theories which suggest violence is due to unusual emotional responses such as lack of fear, generally generated by activity in the amygdala.
Corpus Callosum differences show up a difference in appropriate emotional expression and an inability to grasp long term implications. The frontal lobe has been linked with aggression so differences in the frontal lobes of both groups could be important. – Answer all questions in this section Some psychologists argue that behaviour is learned through imitation. From the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross on the the imitation of aggression: Give two examples of behaviours that were imitated by the children Suggest one implication for society if children do learn by imitation.
From the study by Freud (Little Hans), what do you understand by the qualitative approach? Using the study of Little Hans as an example, give one weakness of the qualitative approach. What are the two factors in Schachter and Signer’s two factor theory of emotion? Suggest what this study tells us about emotion in everyday life. From the study by Raine, Buchsbaum and LaCasse (brain scanning): Give two differences between the scans of the NGRI (Not Guilty for Reasons of Insanity) group and the control group. Give one reason why such physiological data in the study should be treated with caution.