50ml water 37 degrees C Method- Dispense one of the types of analgesics into four separate distilled water filled beakers. One pill in each and have four separate timers with stop watches to record the rate of solubility in dispensing form. Aspirin Solubility 100mg Aspirin form| Time to dissolve| Soluble| 32. 75 seconds| Enteric coated tablet| 2 hours 12 minutes| Capsule| 2 hours 12 min| Results- Soluble- After 2 hours and 12 minutes the gelatine casing dissolved and the beads of active ingredients had not.
This means that the ingredient might have an enteric coating or needs a different PH to dissolve Time to dissolve| Round coated tablet| Capsule shaped tablet| Fluid filled capsules| Trial 1| 17:20 min| 8:57 min| 9:32 min| 2| 17:17 min| 10:15 min| 9:28 min| 3| 17:21 min| 10:55 min| 6:20 min| 4| | 10:55 min| 6:41 min| avg| 17. 19 min| 9:55 min| 7:40 min| IBUPROFEN SOLUBILITY 200mg Paracetamol solubility 500mg Time to dissolve| Tablet| Soluble| Capsule| Trial 1| | 4:41 min| 8:94 sec| 2| | 4:53 min| 9:40 sec| 3| | 4:40 min| 9:50 sec| 4| | 4:39 min| 10:40 sec| avg| Undissolved at 20 mins | 4:43 min| 9:56 sec| Results-The tablets broke down but did not dissolve straight away.
This means that our timing of the solubility might be inaccurate. ANALGESICS Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a salicylate drug, and is generally used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and pains, to reduce fever (an antipyretic), and also as an anti-inflammatory drug. paracetamol- is the active metabolite of phenacetin, a so-called coal tar analgesic. It has analgesic and antipyretic properties, but, unlike aspirin, it is not a very effective anti-inflammatory agent.
It is well tolerated, lacks many of the side-effects of aspirin, and is available over-the-counter, so it is commonly used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. Ibuprofen- Ibuprofen is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Ibuprofen is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury.
When and how were they discovered Aspirin- Paracetamol- Ibuprofen-1955- The discovery is made that anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation of the skin caused by ultra-violet light. This gives a simple screening test for new chemical compounds (called new chemical entities or NCEs in the jargon) that the research chemists produced. 1958- After some 600 compounds had been made and screened for activity, a promising compound code named BTS 8402 is given a clinical trial (ie a trial on patients). It is found to be no better than aspirin. 1961- A patent (see Figure 7) is filed for the compound 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoic acid – later called ibuprofen.
1964- Ibuprofen is selected for further development. 1966- Clinical trials of ibuprofen take place at the Northern General Hospital in Edinburgh and show its anti-inflammatory effect in patients. 1969- Ibuprofen is launched in the UK on prescription only. 1983- Because of its safety record, ibuprofen is made available without prescription. Aspirin- c400 BC In Greece Hippocrates gives women willow leaf tea to relieve the pain of childbirth. 1763 Reverend Edward Stone of Chipping Norton near Oxford gives dried willow bark to 50 parishioners suffering rheumatic fever.
He describes his findings in a letter to the Royal Society of London. 1823 In Italy the active ingredient is extracted from willow and named salicin. 1838 Salicin is also found in the meadowsweet flower by Swiss and German researchers. 1853 Salicylic acid made from salicin by French scientists but it is found to irritate the gut. Related Articles 1893 German scientists find that adding an acetyl group to salicylic acid reduces its irritant properties. 1897 In Germany, Bayer’s Felix Hoffmann develops and patents a process for synthesising acetyl salicylic acid or aspirin. First clinical trials begin.
1899 Clinical trials are successfully completed. Aspirin is launched. 1914 International trade in pharmaceuticals is interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Australian pharmacist G. R. Nicholas wins a competition to find a new way of producing aspirin. 1930s Bayer’s patent on acetyl salicylic acid runs out. It becomes a generic drug. 1974 First evidence of aspirin’s effects in preventing heart attacks: Professor Elwood. 1982 English scientist Professor Sir John Vane and two Swedish colleagues, Sune Bergstrom and Bengt Samuelsson win Nobel prize for discovering the role of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin production.
1989 US researchers report preliminary study suggesting that aspirin may delay the onset of senile dementia 1994 – Professor Henk C S Wallenburg of Rotterdam shows that aspirin may help in treating pre-eclampsia in pregnant women. 1995 American researchers find evidence that aspirin protects against bowel cancer. 1997 Aspirin is now used or being tested for use in the following conditions:- heart attacks, strokes, pregnancy complications, colon cancer, diabetes, dementia How do they work- Aspirin- Once it’s dissolved in your stomach, aspirin goes into your blood and travels around your body.
It sticks to a protein enzyme called COX-2. COX-2 produces chemicals called prostaglandins that allow your body to feel pain. When aspirin enters your bloodstream, it prevents prostaglandins from working. Paracetamol- As paracetamol reduces the production of these nerve sensitising prostaglandins it is thought it may increase our pain threshold, so that although the injury remains, we can feel it less. It is thought paracetamol reduces fever by affecting an area of the brain that regulates our body temperature (the hypothalamic heat-regulating center).
Paracetamol is about as effective as aspirin at relieving mild to moderate pain and reducing fever, but unlike aspirin it has no anti-inflammatory effect. Ibuprofen- Ibuprofen works by inhibiting an enzyme known as COX-2. By inhibiting this enzyme the human body does not feel the pain and the muscles do not swell as they would had ibuprofen not been ingested. You can experience pain in virtually any location of your body; therefore wherever the pain is, the enzyme will also be, so you can take ibuprofen and it will find and numb the pain. Basically, the COX-2 enzyme is blocked when ibuprofen is ingested.