Pharmaceutical drug

“Pharmacon / Xenobiotic” “medicine”/ “recreational  drug” DISCUSSION POINTS RELATED TO DEFINITIONS The car analogy. QUERY: Drugs vs. foods? (“physiological” vs “pharmacological dose”) Drugs vs. medicines? Drugs vs. poisons? Disinfectants? (Not used on the body. ) Antiseptics?

(Often don’t  enter  the  body. ) NOTE: In  general,  “medicines”  normalize  physiology,   but  any  drug  in  excess  =  a  “poison”. NOTE: Drugs are: 1) often organic compounds 2) often have a MW around 300 Daltons 3) often affect excitable membranes (chemical messenger systems, ion channels) 4) usually act by binding to proteins.

Definition:  “Drug Receptor”,  “Specific”  Drug   Receptor II. SUB-FIELDS OF PHARMACOLOGY 1. PHARMACOKINETICS ABSORPTION DISTRIBUTION BIOTRANSFORMATION ELIMINATION 2. PHARMACODYNAMICS MECHANISM OF ACTION III. RELATED DISCIPLINES 1. ACADEMIC BIOCHEMISTRY PHYSIOLOGY 2. REAL WORLD PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS (THERAPEUTICS) TOXICOLOGY (Toxins are drugs. Pesticides are drugs. )

PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (SARs = structure activity relationships) PHARMACOECONOMICS IV. REFERENCES / SOURCES OF INFORMATION 1. THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS 11th ed, Hardman et al. (eds. ) (2005):

An excellent handbook, widely used by pharmacologists and doctors. (Generally  called  “Goodman  and  Gilman”  after  the   original editors. ) 2. COMPENDIUM OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND SPECIALTIES: Issued annually, this Canadian book is a compendium of product information supplied by the manufacturers. It also contains lists of manufacturers, addresses, etc. (Called the “CPS”. ) 3. PHYSICIANS’  DESK  REFERENCE: The American version of the CPS. (Called  the  “PDR”. ) 4. THE MERCK INDEX: A handbook which describes the physical properties of many chemicals, including drugs.

The place to go for information on molecular weight, melting point, etc. 5. WIKIPEDIA – USE WITH CARE IV. READINGS IN THE COURSE Readings are in Principles of Medical Pharmacology (7th Ed. ), edited by Kalant et al. Chapters for reading are indicated on the lecture schedule. In general, understand what the tables and figures  in  the  text  are  trying  to  say,  but  don’t  memorize material in them unless I say so. Do learn the material in table 1-1 (Below). INTRODUCTION II: WHERE DO DRUGS COME FROM? / DRUG NAMES I. SOURCES OF DRUGS 1. NATURAL SOURCES (TRADITIONAL SOURCE) 1. PLANTS (Most Important) Alkaloids (the majority of drugs) Nonalkaloids.

2. ANIMALS Venoms Hormones 3. 4. 2. MINERALS MICRO-ORGANISMS CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS (no molecule in nature) Learn this table from Chapter 1: (note; eserine = physostigmine) SOURCE: Principles of Medical Pharmacology; Kalant, Grant, and Mitchell (Ed. s), Toronto: Elsevier, 2007, pp. 6. II. DRUG CLASSSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SOURCE: (Traditional Drugs) 1. CRUDE NATURAL PREPARATIONS (“galenicals”) ? opium 2.

PURE EXTRACT FROM NATURAL PREPARATIONS ? morphine 3. SEMI-SYNTHETIC ? heroin 4. PURE SYNTHETIC ? meperidine III. MODERN DRUG DEVELOPMENT (Mostly Pure Synthetics These Days – Patenting) A: DRUG SYNTHESIS/DISCOVERY.

Drug Synthesis 1. Purification from natural sources Animal Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Development Acute, Subacute, & Chronic Toxicity Human Pharmacology (Phase I) 2. Modification of existing chemical structures – change pharrmacokinetics – exploitation of side effects) Initial Clinical Trials (Phase I & II) Comparative Clinical Trials (Phase III) Controlled Marketing (Phase IV) Unrestricted Marketing 3. De novo development B: PRECLINICAL TESTING (ANIMAL Drug PHARMACOLOGY) Synthesis Animal Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Development 1. 2. IN VITRO (Test tube) IN VIVO (Animals) Acute, Subacute, & Chronic Toxicity.

Human Pharmacology (Phase I) Initial Clinical Trials (Phase I & II) Comparative Clinical Trials (Phase III) Controlled Marketing (Phase IV) Unrestricted Marketing C: CLINICAL TESTING (HUMAN PHARMACOLOGY) Drug Synthesis 1. Phase I – healthy humans in hospital Animal Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Development 2. Phase II – unhealthy humans – “open  studies” Acute, Subacute, & Chronic Toxicity Human Pharmacology (Phase I) Initial Clinical Trials (Phase I & II) 3. Phase III – double blind Comparative Clinical Trials (Phase III) Controlled Marketing (Phase IV) 4. Phase IV – controlled marketing Unrestricted Marketing.

D: POST-MARKETING CONTROLS Drug Synthesis 1) manufacture – pharmacopoeia Animal Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Development Acute, Subacute, & Chronic Toxicity 2) sales – prescription – “OTC” 3) advertising – Canada – The US Human Pharmacology (Phase I) Initial Clinical Trials (Phase I & II) Comparative Clinical Trials (Phase III) Controlled Marketing (Phase IV) Unrestricted Marketing IV. DRUG NAMES (Modern Drugs) 1. 2. DRUG COMPANY CODE 3. NON-PROPRIETARY NAME (approved,  official,  “generic”) 4. PROPRIETARY NAME 5. V. CHEMICAL NAME COMMON/STREET NAME POINT FOR DISCUSSION: Why are new drugs so expensive?

1. PHARMACOLOGY IS: Traditional (Broad) Definition “the science of pharmacological agents” Modern (Narrow) Definition “the science of drugs” 2. A DRUG IS: “a chemical substance, not part of the normal diet, which affects an organism’s physiology. ” Broad Definition “any …

Chapter 01: Orientation to Pharmacology Key Points: Print Chapter 1 first defines four basic terms of pharmacology: ?A drug is any chemical that can affect living processes. ?Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. ?Clinical …

When you have completed your exam and reviewed your answers, click SUBMIT EXAM . Answers will not be recorded until you hit SUBMIT EXAM . If you need to exit before completing the exam, click CANCEL EXAM . QUESTIONS 1 …

1. The definition of drug dosage is |a. |to give a medication | |b. |the amount of medication in a single dose | |c. |chemicals that affect living processes | |d. |a written direction for dispensing drugs | ANS: BREF:3 …

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