Organic chemistry 2 Lab

Esters compose an important class of organic compounds. Esters often have a pleasant scent and are found in natural fragrances. Esters can be prepared synthetically for use in foods, flavorings, and perfumes. Ethyl acetate is often used as a primary solvent in non-acetone fingernail polish remover. [pic] Figure 1 The synthesis of ethyl acetate The esterification process produces esters through a condensation reaction. Condensation reactions have water as one of the products. The starting compounds for esters are an alcohol and an acid (either an organic or an inorganic acid).

A catalyst, such as concentrated acid or an ion-exchange resin, is added to accelerate the reaction. This reaction will not go to completion, but instead reaches equilibrium after a given amount of time. Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, the equilibrium can be shifted toward the product by adding more reactants or removing products. Although the esterification reaction produces water as a product, the mechanism is not an acid-base neutralization reaction. The esters are named as salts of the acids prefaced with the name of the alcohol. Examples are shown in the chart below.

OBJECTIVES IN THIS EXPERIMENT, YOU WILL * Conduct an esterification reaction to produce ethyl acetate. * Measure and analyze the GC retention times of the reactants and products involved in synthesizing ethyl acetate.

* Measure and analyze the GC retention times of the reaction mixture to confirm the production of ethyl acetate.

1. Obtain and wear goggles. Protect your arms and hands by wearing a long-sleeve lab coat and gloves. Conduct this reaction in a fume hood or a well-ventilated room. 2. Obtain a glass syringe and a set of vials of ethanol, glacial acetic acid, and ethyl acetate. CAUTION: Handle the glacial acetic acid with care. It can cause painful burns if it comes in contact with the skin. 3. Prepare the Vernier Mini GC for data collection. a. Turn on the Mini GC. b. Connect the Mini GC to the USB port on your computer or LabQuest. c. Start the data collection program, and then choose New from the File menu. d.

Be careful not to bend the needle or bend the plunger. Never pull the plunger back more than 50% of its total volume. Be careful not to bend the plunger as you press it down. a. Depress the plunger fully. b. Submerge the tip of the syringe needle into the vial of ethanol. c. Pull back the plunger to fill the barrel about 1/3 full of ethanol. Examine the barrel of the syringe and estimate the amount of ethanol in the barrel. d. Expel the liquid onto a Kimwipe or a paper towel. e. Repeat steps a–d at least two times, until you are comfortable pulling up a liquid into the syringe and measuring the volume in the syringe barrel.

Use a Kimwipe or a paper towel to carefully pat around the tip of the syringe needle. 5. Collect a volume of ethanol for injection. a. Submerge the needle tip into the vial of ethanol one last time. b. Draw up 0. 1 (L of liquid. It is not critical that the volume be exactly 0. 1 (L; a tiny bit more or less volume is acceptable. c. After collecting your sample, gently wipe the needle from barrel to tip, with a Kimwipe. 6. Prepare for injection and the start of data collection. a. The Mini GC should now have reached the correct start temperature and pressure, and the LED turned to green. b.

To insert the needle of the syringe into the injection port of the Mini GC, hold the syringe with one hand and steady the needle with your other hand, as shown in Figure 2. Insert the needle into the injection port until the needle stop is fully seated. If the needle sticks, rotate it slightly while inserting. Do not move the plunger yet. c. Simultaneously, depress the syringe plunger and click Collect to begin data collection. Pull the needle out of the injection port immediately. 7. While the data collection proceeds, repeat Step 4 and use ethyl acetate to thoroughly clean the syringe and needle.

It may take three or more flushes to feel the syringe plunger move smoothly again, which is your indicator that the syringe and needle are both suitably clean. 8. The data collection will end after eight minutes. 9. Analyze your chromatogram. a. Choose Peak Integration from the Analyze menu. b. Select the peak. To do this, drag from a little before the peak to a point far enough to the right that includes the entire peak. Choose Add. c. Record the retention time and peak area in your data table. d. Click Cancel to return to the graph. 10. Label and store your run of data: 1. In LabQuest App, tap the Table tab.

Highlight the heading, Run 1, with your stylus, and replace it with the name of your compound. Tap on the Graph tab to return to the graph. Tap the File Cabinet icon to store the run. 2. In Logger Pro, double-click Latest, which is the title of your run of data in the table, to the left of the graph. In the Data Set Options dialog box, type in the name of your compound. Click OK. Choose Store Latest Run from the Experiment menu to store your chromatogram. 11. Test the ethyl acetate sample. a. Click Collect in Logger Pro, or tap > in LabQuest, to bring up the Temperature-Pressure profile.

This profile will be the same as for your previous run. If you are satisfied with these values, click Done. b. While the Mini GC adjusts to its Temperature-Pressure profile, repeat Step 5 with the ethyl acetate sample. c. After the Mini GC is ready, repeat Steps 6–10. 12. Repeat Step 11 for the glacial acetic acid sample. CAUTION: Handle the glacial acetic acid with care. It can cause painful burns if it comes in contact with the skin. Part II Esterification Reaction 13. Place the hotplate in a hood. Prepare a water bath by pouring approximately 120 mL water into a 250 mL beaker and place it on the hotplate.

Use a temperature probe or thermometer to monitor the temperature of the water bath. Turn on the hot plate and warm the water temperature to between 65–70(C. Adjust the hot plate until a constant temperature of 65–70(C is observed for ten minutes. 14. Add ice and cold water to a second 250 mL beaker. This will be the quenching bath. Place this beaker near the hot water bath. 15. Place three test tubes in a rack. Label the test tubes 1, 2? and 3. Use a spatula to place a small amount of Dowex ion-exchange resin into each test tube. Add the resin to barely cover the bottom of the test tube. The exact mass of resin is not important. 16.

Use separate plastic Beral pipettes to add ~1 mL (25 drops) of glacial acetic acid and ethanol to each test tube. Use a small square of Parafilm or a cork stopper to seal each test tube. Make a pin hole in the Parafilm, or fit the cork stopper loosely on the test tube, for a pressure release. 17. Carefully transfer the three test tubes, at the same time, to the hot water bath on the hot plate. Important: Start timing the reaction; you will be removing the test tubes, one at a time, at twenty minute intervals. 18. Monitor the water temperature throughout the experiment and make sure it is maintained at a constant temperature of 65–70(C.

19. At the end of twenty minutes, remove test tube 1 from the hot water bath and place it in the cold water bath for two minutes to quench the reaction. 20. Repeat Step 11 to inject a 0. 2 (L sample from test tube 1. Important: The chromatogram for this sample will contain more than one peak. Record the retention time and peak area for each peak and write down this information in your data table. 21. After forty minutes, remove test tube 2 from the hot plate and place it in the cold water bath for two minutes to quench the reaction. Repeat Step 11 to inject a 0. 2 (L sample from test tube 2. 22.

After sixty minutes, remove test tube 3 from the hot plate and place it in the cold water bath for two minutes. Repeat Step 11 to inject a 0. 2 (L sample from test tube 3. 23. After you have completed testing all three samples, save your file for use at a later time. Save the file on a USB flash drive, computer, or LabQuest, as directed by your instructor. 24. Before storing the syringe, flush and clean it with ethanol. 25. Turn off the Mini GC. Keep your test results open in Logger Pro or the LabQuest App; you will need to refer to the various chromatograms to answer the Data Analysis questions. DATA TABLE

2. Did the GC test results after 20, 40, and 60 minutes show significant differences in the progress of the reaction? Support your answer with data. 3. Based on your test results, predict the yield of ethyl acetate after an 80 minute reaction time. Explain the rationale for your answer. 4. Suggest factors that would cause a low yield of the ester in the reaction. INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION 1. WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND USING REAGENT GRADE COMPOUNDS FOR THE BEST, MOST RELIABLE RESULTS. 2. Vials must be kept tightly sealed when not in use. These compounds are highly volatile and will evaporate quickly.

3. All of these compounds should be used in a well-ventilated area. Be familiar with the MSDS information for each compound and follow safe handling practices. 4. You may have your students complete Part II (esterification reaction) prior to Part I (testing the individual compounds). As long as the students keep careful track of the time, they can complete Part I during the first two twenty-minute blocks of time that the reaction is running. 5. The acidic ion exchange resin can be purchased from Flinn Scientific (Flinn order code: I0043). Other acidic (protonated) resins will also work.

6. This reaction uses an acidic resin as the catalyst, primarily because it is safer than using a concentrated acid catalyst. However, you may use a sulfuric acid, H2SO4, solution as the catalyst in place of the resin. Consult an alternate procedure that uses sulfuric acid to confirm the amount needed. Because this procedure uses semi-microscale amounts of the reagents, as little as one drop of concentrated sulfuric acid solution is probably sufficient. 7. Use the largest possible test tube, at least 20(180 mm size. This gives the best yield over the time of the reaction.

You may also wish to set up a reflux to maximize the yield. 8. Selecting the peak region is a skill that requires practice and guidance. Your students will need help judging how much of the chromatogram to capture for a peak. With multiple peaks, students need to be consistent in how they select a region. In this lab, retention time is the key, and peak area is not considered, therefore your students need only select a region that includes the peak itself. 9. As an alternative to using the Peak Analysis feature of the software, your students can manually determine the retention time for a compound by using the Examine feature.

Because of the manner in which the Mini GC operates, the retention time is the X–value, in minutes, at the maximum Y–value (in millivolts, mV) of the peak area. HAZARD ALERTS GLACIAL ACETIC ACID: CORROSIVE TO SKIN AND TISSUE; MODERATE FIRE RISK (FLASH POINT 40°C); MODERATELY TOXIC BY INGESTION AND INHALATION. CAUSES EYE BURNS. HMIS CLASSIFICATION: HEALTH HAZARD(3, FLAMMABILITY(2, PHYSICAL HAZARD(0. Ethanol: Fire risk (flash point 14. 0°C). Flammable. Addition of denaturant makes the product poisonous. Store in dedicated flammables cabinet. Skin and eye irritant. Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

HMIS Classification: Health hazard(2, Flammability(3, Physical hazard(1. Ethyl acetate: Serious fire hazard (flash point (3. 0°C). Irritating to body tissues. Severe eye irritant. Avoid all body tissue contact. Slightly toxic by ingestion. Vapor causes weakness, fatigue, nausea and headache. Skin contact causes dermatitis. HMIS Classification: Health hazard(2, Flammability(3, Physical hazard(1. The hazard information reference is Sigma-Aldrich Co. , 1-800-325-3010, www. sigmaaldrich. com/safety-center/msds-search. html. SAMPLE RESULTS Part I |Compound |Retention time (min) |Peak area | |ethanol |3. 49 |1409 | |acetic acid |1.

35 |1124 | |ethyl acetate |2. 02 |180. 3 | Part II |Sample |Retention time (min)|Peak area |Identity | |Test tube 1, peak 1 |1. 55 |102 |ethanol | |Test tube 1, peak 2 |2. 29 |17. 2 |ethyl acetate | |Test tube 1, peak 3 |4. 15 |398 |acetic acid | | | | | | |Test tube 2, peak 1 |1. 58 |126 |ethanol | |Test tube 2, peak 2 |2. 32 |20. 8 |ethyl acetate | |Test tube 2, peak 3 |4. 20 |434 |acetic acid | | | | | | |Test tube 3, peak 1 |1. 61 |115 |ethanol | |Test tube 3, peak 2 |2. 39 |56. 5 |ethyl acetate | |Test tube 3, peak 3 |4. 05 |303 |acetic acid | SAMPLE CHROMATOGRAMS REACTION AT 20 MINUTES Reaction at 40 minutes Reaction at 60 minutes.

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