The contributions of several doctors, researchers, and scientists helped improve the health of the growing population. In 1850 the average life expectancy was 42 years. By 1910 the average life expectancy had risen to nearly 55 years. Between 1850 and 1910 there were several advances in the medical field. The introduction of genes, white blood cells, blood groups, insulin, rubber gloves, aspirin, and vitamins and the discoveries of Pasteur, Charcot, Halsted, Zirm, Lister, and Koch were the starting point of an international fight against disease.
A remarkable breakthrough in medicine occurred in the late 1800s through the work of Louis Pasteur. Pasteur’s experiments showed that bacteria reproduce like other living things and travel from place to place. Using the results of his findings, he developed pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation. He also produced an anthrax vaccine as well as a way to weaken the rabies virus. After studying Pasteur’s work, Joseph Lister developed antisepsis, which is the process of killing disease-causing germs.
In 1865 before an operation, he cleansed a leg wound first with carbolic acid, and performed the surgery with sterilized (by heat) instruments. The wound healed, and the patient survived. Prior to surgery, the patient would’ve needed an amputation. However, by incorporating these antiseptic procedures in all of his surgeries, he decreased postoperative deaths. The use of antiseptics eventually helped reduce bacterial infection not only in surgery but also in childbirth and in the treatment of battle wounds. Another man that made discoveries that reinforced those of Pasteur’s was Robert Koch.
Robert Koch isolated the germ that causes tuberculosis, identified the germ responsible for Asiatic cholera, and developed sanitary measures to prevent disease. (1) In the late 1880s, genes, white blood cells, and aspirin were discovered. An Augustinian monk from Austria, Johann Gregor Mendel experimented in the crossplanting of pea plants. Eventually his research lead to the discovery of genes. In 1892, Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis. After observing the larvae of starfish, he found that mobile cells served as a defense for the organisms.
This research on the cells lead him to believe that these cells swallow up and digest bacteria, therefore leading into the identification of white blood cells. Although it is unclear who deserves credit for the discovery of aspirin, Felix Hoffman and Heinrich Dreser are credited for the introduction. Both of them researched the drug while working for Bayer and they are credited for actually naming it “aspirin”. (1) In the late 1890s, Jean Martin Charcot, French pathologist, made the first diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
He found that multiple sclerosis lesions contain demyelination and perivascular inflammation. He also discovered that plaques occur anywhere within the white matter of the central nervous system. William Stewart Halsted was the first professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins. While there, he introduced the use of rubber gloves in surgery. He also introduced regional anesthesia by injecting cocaine into a nerve. Around the same time period, Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer developed the techniques of psychoanalysis for the treatment of emotional disorders.
Charles Best and Frederick Banting discovered insulin and its uses. They treated a dying diabetic patient with insulin, and saved his life. (2) In 1901 Austrian physician, Karl Landsteiner, discovered and named the A, B, O, and AB blood groups. He discovered these blood groups while trying to find the cause of jaundice, shock, and hemoglobinuria following some blood transfusions. A year later, in 1902, Sir William Maddock Bayliss and Ernest Starling discovered hormones. Together they isolated a substance called secretin.
This was released into the bloodstream and they observed the results. They observed that this substance then stimulates the secretion of pancreative digestive juice into the intestine, thus discovering hormones. (3) In 1906 vitamins were discovered and the first successful human corneal transplant was performed. A German surgeon, Eduard Zirm, performed the first successful transplant of the cornea from one person to another. Around the same time period, Sir Frederick Hopkins discovered vitamins.
While conducting experiments, he identified tiny amounts of substances, which the body needs to use protein. These were later called vitamins. (4) The contributions of several doctors, researchers, and scientists helped improve the health of the growing population. The discoveries of aspirin, vitamins, genes, hormones, and insulin helped improve the health of the growing population. From the discoveries of Pasteur, Zirm, Landsteiner, Metchnikoff, Lister, and Koch, scientist where able isolate the causes of many diseases and develop vaccines for inoculation against them.