Herniated disc or ‘protruded disc’ is a condition in which the inter-vertebral disc (structures present between 2 adjacent segments of the spine or ‘vertebra’) protrudes from its normal position. This condition progresses gradually throughout life. Strain, stress, injuries (trauma) and disease may aggravate the progress. Injuries that may be associated with herniated discs include repeated movements of the same part of the body (as it may result in a fatigue condition known as ‘cumulative trauma disorders’, lifting injuries, fall on the buttocks, traumatic twisting movements, trauma to the back, occupational hazards, etc.
Some of the risk factors for herniated discs include smoking, occupational hazards, incurrent back posture, sedentary lifestyle and excessive driving. Hernia discs is a degenerative condition and occurs due to the annulus (hard outer covering of the disc) rupturing fully, causing the nucleus (soft inner mass) to obtrude out and harden. This protruded disc material presses upon the nerves that arise from the spinal cord (spinal nerve root), within the foramen, bounded above and below by the vertebra, and causes the symptoms.
Individuals with herniated disc have pain in the affected portion of the spine. The pain worsens when the back is touched or moved and hence the individual may reduce its movement. The pain also increases on coughing, sneezing, and reduces on taking rest. There may be abnormal sensations or numbness over the skin in the affected portion. The may pain radiate to other parts of the body such as the hips and thighs. The individual may also develop a sideward curvature in the spine.
The diagnosis of the herniated disc is made based on the history, symptoms and imaging techniques (such as plain X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans). The disorder is usually treated using conservative methods (such as bed rest, immobilization, medications, traction and heat application). Once the symptoms are relieved, the individual may need to strengthen the back muscles by exercising, and also learning to adopt a proper back posture. If these measures fail surgery may be required.
Back injuries can be prevented or reduced to some extent by: – 1. Maintaining a posture such that the normal curves of the back are preserved. 2. Moving the body in such a manner that it is least traumatic for the muscles and the joints. 3. Taking care of the back, both at the workplace and at home. 4. Avoiding bending or twisting movements, and instead utilizing pivotal or squatting movements. 5. Exercising regularly to strengthen the muscles. 6. Avoiding smoking (as it affects the blood supply) and obesity.