|The god Asclepius |Greek god of healing | | |He had two daughters, Panacea and Hygeia who assisted him with healing | | |He was worshiped at special temples called Acsclepions | |Hippocrates |Greek doctor, born in Cos around 460BC | | |Author of ‘Hippocratic Collection’ of medical texts |.
Originator of the ‘Hippocratic Oath’ and pioneer of ‘Four Humours’ theory | |Galen |Born in 129AD in Greece, but travelled round the Roman Empire & was doctor to the Emperor | | |Developed the ‘Theory of the Opposites’ from Four Humours | | |Demonstrated the brain controlled the body not the heart | |Avicenna |Also known as Ibn Sinna | | |Arab doctor, who lived from 980-1037 AD in Spain | | |Wrote a million-word textbook covering all aspects of medicine | |Andreas Vesalius .
Born in Brussels in 1514 and studied medicine in Brussels and Italy, where he used artists drawing of dissections and | | |published them in ‘Fabric of Human Body’ | | |His work was widely circulated due to the invention of printing | | |Challenged the ideas of Galen, e. g. over human jaw bone | |Ambroise Pare |Born in France in 1510 | | |Surgeon in Paris at Hotel Dieu and military surgeon | | |Treated wounds using turpentine and conducted amputations using ligatures | |William Harvey |Born in 1578 in Folkestone!
Worked as royal doctor and lecturer in anatomy | | |Developed theory of circulation of blood and challenged Galen’s ideas on blood | |Paracelsus |Born in 1483 in Germany | | |Disagreed with Galen over Four Humours and thought disease attacks body from outside | | |Devised mineral remedies to help cure disease, e. g. mercury and arsenic | |Lady Grace Mildmay |Born in England in 1552.
Wealthy and well educated, e. g. read books on surgery and Avicenna | | |Influenced by Galen’s ideas as well as those of Paracelus | |Richard Wiseman |Born in 1622 | | |Was a surgeon in Dutch and Spanish navies, as well as a doctor to Charles II | | |Influenced by work of Galen, but admired Pare’s advice on amputation | |Edward Jenner |Born in England in 1749 | | |Developed first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox | | |Faced much opposition to his ideas, e. g. from Royal Society although Parliament granted him ? 30,000 to set up a | | |vaccination clinic in London.
| |Elizabeth Garret |Born in 1836 | | |First woman doctor to qualify in 1865 and founded The New Hosiptal for Women in London | | |In 1876 a law was passed allowing women to enter medical professions | |Florence Nightingale |Born in 1820 | | |Worked as a nurse at the Scutari Hospital in the Crimea | | |Published ‘Notes on Nursing’ and founded 1st training school for nurses (1860) | |Louis Pasteur |Born in France 1822 | | |Author of ‘Germ Theory’, challenging the theory of ‘spontaneous generation’ and miasmas | | |Use of new technologies, e. g. Lister’s telescope helped him make his discoveries.
Robert Koch |Born in Germany in 1843 | | |Used teams of bacteriologists to identify the bacteria causing different diseases | | |Identified different bacteria using stains and cultivating them on Petri dishes | |Ignaz Semmelweiss |Hungarian doctor born in 1818 who worked in Austria | | |Insisted that doctors washed their hands after dissections to reduce cross-contamination with patients | | |Called doctors who didn’t wash their hands ‘murderers’ | |Joseph Lister |Born in England in 1827 .
|Influenced by Pasteur’s ‘Germ Theory’ and developed the carbolic spray | | |Unpopular with doctors due to unpleasant side-effects | |Dr John Snow |In 1854 he made the connection between outbreaks of cholera and infected water supply | | |Based his work on meticulous studies of Broad Street, London | | |Conducted house-to-house interviews and recorded findings on a map | |Alexander Fleming |Rediscovered the properties of the bacteria penicillin by chance in his laboratory at St Mary’s London in 1928 | | |Used penicillin to attack staphylococcus, a major cause of blood infections | | |Lacked the facilities to develop large quanitities | |.
William Beveridge |Author of ‘Beveridge Report’ in 1942 | | |Proposed a free national health service | | |NHS eventually introduced in 1948 | |Christian Barnard |Pioneered the use of heart transplants in twentieth century | | |Used teams of surgeons and doctors sharing their expertise | | |New retroviral drugs used to ensure organs were not rejected by the body |.