According to Callahan et al. (2002), their research explored the following hypothesis: (1) “There are significant differences in each type of charge determined by the presence or absence of symptoms and diagnosis of depression. ” (2) “Depressive symptoms and physician diagnosis of depression predict the occurrence of charges for specialty care, emergency services, laboratory services, and hospitalization. ” (3) “Depressive symptoms and physician diagnosis of depression predict the magnitude of medical charges for primary care, specialty care, emergency services, laboratory services, hospitalization, and total charges”
From above hypothesis, it is evident that the hypotheses are non-directional, two-tailed in nature. Alpha Level and Significant Differences The level of significance is not stated clearly in this article. However, at one point it is said that, “BDI scores showed considerable spread (range, 0–31) and were significantly associated with the diagnosis of depression (P < . 001)” (Callahan et al. , 2002). Therefore, the alpha level for study appeared to be . 001. Collecting the Data
The population for this study was five hundred eight new adult patients who were randomly assigned to senior residents in family practice and internal medicine. The data related to their physical component score (PCS), sex, age, diagnosis, education, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, and depression along with different type of charges were collected. Calculating the Statistic The test statistic for hypothesis one was presented in “Log charges of care by diagnosis and symptoms of depression table” and for hypothesis two and three, the test statistic used was presented in regression analysis table.
Accepting/Rejecting the Null Hypothesis The research study not clearly stated which hypothesis were accepted or rejected. Type I and Type II Errors The research study not clearly stated what type of error (Type I or Type II) was there in this study. APA-formatted Statement of Results The results are stated in APA format. For example, “BDI scores showed considerable spread (range, 0–31) and were significantly associated with the diagnosis of depression (P < . 001)” and “The diagnosis of depression was a significant predictor of magnitude of primary care (P = . 0029) and total medical (P = . 0158) charges” (Callahan et al. , 2002).
Reference: Callahan, E. J. , Bertakis, K. D. , Azari, R. , Robbins, J. A. , Helms, L. J. , & Leigh, J. P. (2002, June). Association of higher costs with symptoms and diagnosis of depression. Journal of Family Practice, 51(6), 540-544. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from http://www. jfponline. com/pdf/5106/5106JFP_OriginalResearch3. pdf