Outlines II How does CAS perform ? A What is CAS? 1. Definition 2. Theory a. Algorithm B What does it consist of? 1. The operation system 2. Software for analyzing a. How to create 3D model b. Path planning file C stages of data registration 1. Fixation a. Technique of positioning the patient a. 1 knee surgery technique 2. intra-surgical ` a. what is it III What are some comparative results between using computers in some surgeries and doing surgeries without computers ? A CAS in Total Knee Replacement surgery 1. Brief information about Knee Joint 2. Difficulties faced in knee replacement surgery.
a. Success statistics 3. How this surgery is done b. Simple definition c. examples of knee injuries b. 1 sport injuries 4. Comparative results d. Without using CAS e. By using CAS B da Vinci Surgical System 1. Brief history and achievements about the system 2. Components of the system a. The surgeon console b. Patient side cart c. Endo wrist instruments d. HD vision system 3. Statistics about reducing hospitals stays e. Less money will be paid 4. Uses of Da Vinci surgical system in Saudi Arabia a. King Khalid University hospital in Riyadh IV How can this technology replace doctors in the future?
A IBM’s supercomputer “Watson” and the artificial intelligence 1. What is Watson 2. How this intelligent supercomputer beat doctors a. Diagnose medical illness b. Recommend treatment options 3. Efficiency of Watson 1. Giving the fast diagnosis ever Hospitals are getting crowded and lots of surgeries are being operated at the same time. This problem leads to increases in the cost of surgeries because there is a lack in number of doctors. One smart way to solve this problem is to find any replacement for doctors and nothing but computers can do the same job with lower cost, faster time and more precision.
First of all, the report will show what is CAS and how does it work in surgeries, in order to make the reader understand what technology I’m talking about and to clarify some terminologies. Second, the report talks about some of the surgeries that is performed by computer based machines such as Total Knee Replacement and Hips replacement. Third, the report will discuss some of the comparative results between using CAS in surgeries or operating surgeries without any computers with some quantitative and qualitative information in order to evaluate this technology and to proof how safe, fast and accurate it is in surgeries.
Fourth, the report will discuss how this technology is going to improve and fully replace doctors and physicians in the future in order to show how people will accept this. Fifth, the report discusses IBM’s supercomputer “Watosn” and some of the challenges this computer has faced in order to show some of the real examples and to proof that computers has more advantages in real life over the traditional way. Sixth, the report will show some other uses of computers in medicine and healthcare to indicate that computers will make out life easier. How does CAS perform?
Computer assisted surgery is a set of surgical methods and concepts that are implemented by a computer to help in surgical planning. Basically, it helps in developing an accurate model of the patient by conducting some image analysis. By using software, the gathered data from the analysis before, can be processed and compiled to give an accurate 3D model of the patient. This model creates “path planning” file that has all the movements and the processes. These path planning files will be loaded in some robots to perform some specific operations.
Furthermore, these programs are much more complex than you think and more difficult to prove for safety aspects. Engineers must take into accounts that the positions of the patients will be different than the data conducted previously. However, Shankar (2000) said that there are some important stages in taking the data from the patients. First, Fixation of the patient, which is fixing the patient in a position that is known for further procedures. This technique is common in some operations such as knee operation where you need to place the knee in a fixed place to avoid some mistakes.
Second, intra-surgical registration which is creating some common references between the data gathered from the models and comparing them with the actual patient anatomy (Shankar, 2000). Overall, that is too much of a process that needs to be done for each surgery. But this will be beneficially reflected in the surgery room with better results, much faster time and less invasive surgery. The question is that how this technology is going to perform better than doctor. Da Vinci Surgical System Da Vinci is the first surgical system to be approved and cleared by the FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) in July 2000.
The $1. 5 million system has received FDA approval for use in procedures such as heart valve repair, prostatectomy, and hysterectomy. Doing minimally invasive surgeries with less than one centimeter hole on the human body can be done by using this system. Statistically, this system has reduced infection probability by 3%. There are four main components for Da Vinci surgical system. First, the surgeon console which has the main interface of the system. The surgeon can see a view of dimensional images of the surgical field with a real time of the progress of the operation.
Second, the patient cart that has three robotic arms. Third, detachable instruments that allow the robot to simulate the human movements very well. Fourth, 3D vision system, It consists of a camera unit that can give an inside view of the patient (Meer & Bailly, 2007). Even though the surgeon will be seated at a console away from the patient, the surgeon views some images of the surgical area while performing surgery in real time, using tiny incisions, which is minimally invasive for the patient and some instruments that can make the movements very smooth.
Overall, Da Vinci surgical has shown a good results in many surgeries such as bladder cancer surgery, kidney cancer, Obesity and Throat cancer surgery. Furthermore, Meer & Bailly (2007) noted that this system requires only two 8mm and one 12mm wide holes in the body of the patient for inserting the two arms of the robot and the camera. It also gives the patient shorter recovery time and less damage to the body which lead to less hospitalization cost. On the other hand, traditional open surgery takes bigger hole on the patient which increases trauma and damage to the patient.
Over and above, this system has been used at King Khalid University in Riyadh on a total of five male infants and has shown a result and some doctors said that it is safer and more feasible. They also said that the robotic approach has advantages over the traditional way (Hilton, 2011). Nowadays, The da Vinci Surgical System is being used in many countries around the world, in major centers in the United States, Austria, Belgium, Saudi Arabia and more. CAS in Total Knee Replacement Computer navigation started to be used in Total knee replacement about 11 years ago just to improve the accuracy of the surgical procedures.
Since then, Computer based surgery has shown lots of advantages over many surgeries. Total knee replacement and Hip replacement are two of many surgeries that need precision and accuracy to be done less invasively. Moreover, Computer-Assisted surgery has been adapted to help the surgeon for planning and imaging the body of the patient. The knee is the largest joint in the human body and while you are walking, the whole body is being carried by these two knees (Lang, 2011). According to Lang J. , lots of sport injuries are because of damages in one of the knees and sometimes it needs to be replaced.
Basically, total knee replacement is to replace that damaged joint and try to connect the bone ends of thigh and the shin with it. The most difficult things in total knee replacement surgery is aligning the leg, placing and fixing the implants to the bone and avoiding the motion of the patient. However, when doing this surgery in the traditional way, it requires long incision in the knee joint capsule and taking into account the position of the leg. Computer assistance can eliminate the space of the instruments that are used in the traditional surgery.
Traditionally, patient stays in the hospital for a week or more because of the damage on his body. However, patient feels better and recovers health in the home environment and this has been approved in Psychology. Computer-Assistance minimizes the incision which leads to rapid recovery to the patient. Overall, with the advancement and improvement in doing total knee replacement surgery by computer assistance, the use of traditional surgery will vanish and the computer assisted total knee replacement will be the future of that field.
IBM’s supercomputer “Watson” and the artificial intelligence Watson is one of the greatest inventions developed by IBM. This computer has defeated the most powerful player in chess, Garry Kasparov. Watson can be loaded by millions of resources and other countless pieces of human culture things to make this machine as human as possible. IBM is trying to focus on helping doctors to have reliable electronic medical records. Furthermore, the company is aiming to make Watson to provide health analytic solutions for every single case in the medical field.
According to Mr. Lewis “If you look at health information technology, the next big wave of investment by healthcare organizations will be in analytics”. IBM is trying to make doctors connect to patient records in their offices or on call if the doctor is outside the hospital. Watson can be useful in reviewing many sophisticated cases and deciding whether a specific remedy or procedure is good or not in just few seconds. This supercomputer can really make a potentially unique contribution to evidence based healthcare and medical field.
Watson with its ability to recognize and understand human language, can take questions about patient’s symptoms, go through medical history, quickly diagnoses all these information and give the most accurate up-to-date treatment. Confidentially, I can say that these computers will be our bright future in healthcare and medicine. Moreover, this computer has been given information about a fictional patient with an eye problem and some family history. Watson gave 73% confidence rating diagnosis that this patient has Lyme disease which is a rear disease and not common. Overall, Mr.
Suh said Watson could become a significant disruptive technology that forces us to rethink how patients interact with health care providers and how the health care delivery system is organized. In summary, Computers have been used a lot in the medicine and it is getting spread so fast. Furthermore, it is making the surgeries and diagnoses in the medicine field easier, faster in time and safer with minimally invasive surgeries. CAS (Computer-Assisted surgery) is one of the smart technologies that are based on intelligent computer systems. Statistically, this technology has shown lots of improvement in the surgeries and healthcare in general.
Also, how beneficial this technology will be from an economical perspective. Total knee replacement (TKR) is one of the surgeries that have succeeded using CAS. Image-Guided procedures and 3D modeling are also some of the most importance usage of CAS that helps in preventing signi? cant loss of operation time and planning for complicated cases in surgeries. Economically, this technology will reduce the cost of surgeries. Can you imagine what life will be like in another 150 years? How about another 1000 years? 10,000 years? 1 million years? By then, I assure you that not only will robots be doctors but they will be very good at it.
Now if you were merely wondering whether robots would replace doctors within your lifetime, then I would say let’s wait and see. However, Looking at the information has been provided in this report, you can predict that Computers are going to be an important thing in each part of our life. Robots will have a significant added value to people’s needs in the healthcare. Besides the huge impact in the costs, Safety and efficiency in the healthcare are more important. From housekeepers and nurses to military soldiers, computers are becoming dramatically present in our daily life.
Computers will give us a more healthy life to live longer than 100 years. You will be having a built-in computer in your bathroom’s toilet to measure sugar level in urine, the blood pressure and what food you should eat. References Hilton, A. (2011, May 11). Robotics Surgery Marathon: Clinical Practice, Education & the Simulation Olympics. Retrieved from www. mirasurgery. org/downloads/MIRA_finalProgram2011. pdf Lang, J. E. (2011, January 7). Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. Retrieved from http://www. wakehealth. edu/Webcasts/Archives/Computer-Assisted-Total-Knee- Replacement-Webcast. htm Lewis, N. (2011, May 31).
Ibm Boosts Health Analytics with ‘Watson’ Supercomputer Capabilities. Retrieved from http://www. informationweek. com/news/healthcare/clinical-systems/229700182 Meer, F. V. & Bailly, Y. (2007, August 5). Design and Development of a Da Vinci Surgical System. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/stamp/stamp. jsp? tp=&arnumber=4303693 Shankar, S. (2000). Robotic Surgery. Retrieved from http://members. tripod. com/dr_venky/sur1. html Suh, Y. (2011, February 8). ‘Watson’ could Transform Medicine. Retrieved from http://www. usatoday. com/news/opinion/forum/2011-02-09-column09_ST_N. htm.